indoeuropæisk
The Indo-European languages are a large family of related languages that originated in the area of the Eurasian steppe and spread across Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. They are estimated to have emerged around 4000-3000 BCE, with the earliest known Indo-European languages being Hittite and Anatolian. The family is divided into several major branches, including:
1. Anatolian: Comprising languages such as Hittite, Luwian, and Lydian, spoken in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) and
2. Tocharian: Two languages, Tocharian A and Tocharian B, spoken in the Tarim Basin of present-day Xinjiang,
3. Celtic: Including Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, and Cornish, spoken in the British Isles and parts
4. Italic: Comprising Latin (the ancestor of Romance languages like Italian, Spanish, French, and Portuguese) and
5. Hellenic: Including Ancient Greek and its modern descendants.
6. Armenian: A language isolate that is often considered a branch of the Indo-European family due to
7. Albanian: A language isolate that is sometimes considered a branch of the Indo-European family, although
8. Indo-Iranian: Including Sanskrit (the ancestor of many modern Indian languages), Persian, Pashto, and several other
9. Germanic: Including English, German, Dutch, and several other languages spoken in Europe.
10. Balto-Slavic: Including Russian, Polish, Czech, and several other languages spoken in Eastern Europe.
11. Anatolian: Including Turkish and several other languages spoken in Anatolia and the surrounding regions.
The Indo-European languages share a common vocabulary, grammar, and phonology, which have been preserved and developed