immuunglobuliine

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. They are a crucial component of the adaptive immune system, playing a vital role in identifying and neutralizing foreign substances like bacteria and viruses. Each immunoglobulin molecule is designed to recognize and bind to a specific antigen, which is a unique marker on the surface of a pathogen. This binding action can directly neutralize the pathogen or flag it for destruction by other immune cells.

There are five main classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD. IgG is the most abundant class in blood serum and is responsible for long-term immunity. IgA is found in bodily secretions like saliva, tears, and breast milk, providing mucosal immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during an infection and is effective at activating the complement system. IgE is involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections. IgD is primarily found on the surface of B cells and its exact function is still being researched.

The production and function of immunoglobulins are complex processes involving B cell activation, differentiation, and antibody secretion. When a B cell encounters its specific antigen, it becomes activated and differentiates into plasma cells, which then churn out large quantities of antibodies. These antibodies circulate in the bloodstream and lymph, ready to defend the body against further attacks. Disorders affecting immunoglobulin production or function can lead to increased susceptibility to infections.