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Hypocalcemia refers to a lower than normal level of calcium in the blood. Calcium is a vital mineral essential for bone health, muscle function, nerve signaling, and blood clotting. When calcium levels drop too low, it can lead to a variety of symptoms.

The most common causes of hypocalcemia include problems with the parathyroid glands, which produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) that regulates calcium. Hypoparathyroidism, either primary or secondary due to surgery, can lead to insufficient PTH. Vitamin D deficiency is another significant factor, as vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption in the intestines. Certain medications, like diuretics or bisphosphonates, can also contribute to low calcium levels. Kidney disease can impair vitamin D activation and calcium excretion, leading to hypocalcemia. In rare cases, pancreatitis or magnesium deficiency can also play a role.

Symptoms of hypocalcemia can range from mild to severe. Mild cases may be asymptomatic. However, as calcium levels decrease, individuals might experience muscle cramps, spasms, or twitching. Tingling or numbness in the fingers, toes, or around the mouth can also occur. More severe hypocalcemia can lead to confusion, irritability, depression, and in extreme situations, seizures or heart rhythm abnormalities.

Diagnosis typically involves a blood test to measure serum calcium levels. Further tests may be conducted to identify the underlying cause, such as checking PTH, vitamin D, and kidney function. Treatment focuses on addressing the root cause and restoring calcium levels, often involving calcium and vitamin D supplements. In acute or severe cases, intravenous calcium may be administered.