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Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium plays a vital role in numerous bodily functions, including nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and bone health. When calcium levels drop too low, these functions can be impaired, leading to a range of symptoms.

The causes of hypocalcemia are varied and can include kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid glands), pancreatitis, certain medications, and malabsorption disorders. In some cases, rapid blood transfusions can also dilute calcium levels.

Symptoms of hypocalcemia can range from mild to severe. Mild cases may present with numbness or tingling in the fingers, toes, or around the mouth, muscle cramps, and fatigue. As calcium levels fall further, more serious symptoms can emerge, such as muscle spasms (tetany), seizures, confusion, irregular heart rhythms, and in severe instances, cardiac arrest.

Diagnosis of hypocalcemia is typically made through blood tests that measure serum calcium levels. Additional tests may be performed to identify the underlying cause. Treatment focuses on restoring calcium levels and addressing the root cause. This often involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation, either orally or intravenously. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent serious complications.