hypoparathyroidisme

Hypoparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by insufficient production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. These small glands, located in the neck near the thyroid gland, play a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. PTH primarily works by increasing blood calcium levels through several mechanisms, including stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting the activation of vitamin D, which in turn enhances calcium absorption from the intestines.

When PTH levels are low, blood calcium levels can drop significantly, a condition known as hypocalcemia. Conversely, phosphate levels often rise. The symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are largely due to hypocalcemia and can range from mild to severe. Common symptoms include muscle cramps, spasms, and twitching (tetany), tingling or numbness in the fingers, toes, and around the mouth, fatigue, and dry skin. In more severe cases, hypocalcemia can lead to seizures, heart rhythm abnormalities, and even difficulty breathing.

The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is damage to or accidental removal of the parathyroid glands during surgery, particularly thyroidectomy or neck surgery. Other causes can include autoimmune diseases where the body's immune system attacks the parathyroid glands, genetic disorders, and certain medical conditions like magnesium deficiency. Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests measuring calcium, phosphate, and PTH levels. Treatment focuses on managing hypocalcemia, often involving calcium and vitamin D supplements. Regular monitoring of calcium and vitamin D levels is essential to prevent complications.