hyperkalseemian

Hyperkalsemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood, typically defined as a serum calcium concentration exceeding 10.2 mg/dL (2.55 mmol/L). While hypercalcemia can arise from various underlying causes, it is most commonly associated with primary hyperparathyroidism, where overactive parathyroid glands secrete excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH). Other potential causes include malignancies (particularly those with bone metastases), excessive vitamin D intake, granulomatous diseases (such as sarcoidosis), and certain medications like lithium or thiazide diuretics.

Symptoms of hypercalcemia may be mild or absent in early stages but can progress to include fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, frequent urination, kidney stones, and in severe cases, confusion, disorientation, or cardiac arrhythmias. Chronic hypercalcemia can lead to complications such as osteoporosis, nephrocalcinosis (calcium deposits in the kidneys), and impaired kidney function.

Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure calcium, PTH, vitamin D, and kidney function, along with imaging studies if malignancy or other structural abnormalities are suspected. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause while managing symptoms. In mild cases, hydration and loop diuretics may be sufficient, but more severe cases may require intravenous fluids, bisphosphonates (to inhibit bone resorption), or calcitonin to lower calcium levels. In emergencies, hemodialysis may be necessary.

Prevention involves monitoring individuals at risk, such as those with a history of hyperparathyroidism or malignancy, and avoiding excessive calcium or vitamin D supplementation without medical supervision. Early detection and treatment are crucial to minimizing complications and improving outcomes.