hypergammaglobulineemia

Hypergammaglobulinemia refers to an elevated level of gamma globulins, a type of protein found in the blood plasma, specifically immunoglobulins. These proteins are produced by B lymphocytes and play a crucial role in the immune system by identifying and neutralizing foreign substances like bacteria and viruses. When gamma globulin levels are abnormally high, it can indicate an underlying medical condition.

The causes of hypergammaglobulinemia are diverse and can range from chronic infections, such as tuberculosis or viral hepatitis, to autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Certain types of cancers, particularly B-cell lymphomas and multiple myeloma, are also frequently associated with elevated gamma globulin levels. In some instances, hypergammaglobulinemia can be a benign finding without a clear pathological cause, a condition sometimes referred to as polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia.

Diagnosis typically involves a blood test called serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), which separates and quantifies different proteins in the blood, including gamma globulins. Further investigations may be required to pinpoint the underlying cause. Treatment for hypergammaglobulinemia is directed at managing the specific condition responsible for the elevated immunoglobulin levels.