hurûfs

Hurûfs, plural of harf in Arabic, is the term used to denote letters in writing systems that use the Arabic script. In general usage, hurûf refers to the basic characters of an alphabet; in the Arabic script they number 28 letters and form the core of writing Arabic and many languages that adopt the script, such as Persian, Urdu, and Ottoman Turkish. Each hurf has a distinct shape and may take different forms depending on its position in a word, and most hurûfs connect to neighboring letters when written in cursive. Short vowels are not letters themselves but diacritical marks (harakat) placed above or below letters to indicate pronunciation; long vowels are represented using the letters alif, waw, and ya.

In Arabic grammar the term harf also denotes particles rather than nouns or verbs. This dual meaning means hurûf can refer to either letters of the alphabet or to grammatical particles, depending on the context. The phenomenon of muqattaʿāt—the disjoint letters that appear at the beginnings of some Surahs (for example Alif Lam Mim)—is a notable example of hurûf whose exact interpretation remains debated.

Historically, hurûf have played a central role in Islamic calligraphy and manuscript culture, where precise letter forms are important for aesthetic and legibility. The term is also used in discussions of Hurûfiyya (Hurufism), a medieval Sufi movement that ascribed mystical significance to letters and their numerical values, and which influenced later Persian and Ottoman thought.

The concept of hurûf thus encompasses both a fundamental linguistic unit—the letters of the alphabet—and a broader cultural and religious dimension in languages and traditions that use the Arabic script.