hjálmr

hjálmr is the Old Norse word for helmet. In Viking Age Scandinavia and other Germanic cultures of the early medieval period, helmets were a crucial piece of protective armor for warriors. Archaeological finds have revealed a variety of helmet designs, though the most iconic is the Spangenhelm, characterized by its construction from metal strips (spangen) riveted together to form a conical or rounded bowl.

Other designs include simpler cap-like helmets and more elaborate helmets with nasal guards or even full face protection, though these were less common. The Gjermundbu helmet, a rare and remarkably complete find from Norway, features a spectacle-like eye guard and a mail aventail to protect the neck and shoulders. Helmets were often made of iron or steel.

While primarily functional, some helmets, particularly those of chieftains or high-ranking warriors, could be adorned with decorative elements such as engraved patterns, animal motifs, or even gold inlay. These embellishments served to signify status as well as provide protection. The presence and design of a hjálmr could indicate a warrior's wealth, social standing, and importance on the battlefield.