hippeis

The hippeis were a social and military class in ancient Greece, particularly prominent in Athens. The term "hippeis" derives from the Greek word for "horse," and literally translates to "horsemen" or "cavalry." This classification was one of the three main classes of Athenian citizens, alongside the pentakosiomedimnoi (the wealthiest) and the zeugitai (yeomen farmers).

Membership in the hippeis was determined by wealth, with individuals needing to possess sufficient resources to maintain a horse and its equipment. This requirement meant that the hippeis were drawn from the upper middle class. Their primary military role was serving as cavalry, a prestigious and effective unit in ancient warfare. They provided the mounted arm of the Athenian army, capable of reconnaissance, flanking maneuvers, and pursuing routed enemies.

Beyond their military duties, the hippeis also held a significant political role. As a more affluent segment of the population, they were eligible for higher political offices and held considerable influence in the Athenian assembly and council. Their economic standing allowed them to participate more fully in the political life of the city-state. The exact criteria and privileges associated with the hippeis evolved over time, but they consistently represented a significant and influential segment of Athenian society.