hegemonies

Hegemony, or hegemonies, refers to the leadership or dominant influence of one state, social group, or set of ideas over others within a particular domain, such as politics, economics, culture, or international affairs. The term originated in classical Greece but broadened in modern usage to cover various forms of dominance, which may rest on coercion, consent, or a mix of both.

In international relations, a hegemon is a state that shapes the terms of interaction, sets norms, and often provides public goods that others enjoy, such as security arrangements, open trade, or monetary stability. Hegemonic stability theory argues that such a leading power can reduce the costs of maintaining a liberal order, though leadership may be costly and vulnerable to challenge.

Cultural or ideological hegemony, a concept advanced by Antonio Gramsci, describes how a dominant group secures legitimacy through institutions, media, and education, so that its values and worldview become widespread and taken for granted.

Economic dimensions include dominance in finance, technology, or resource access, enabling a hegemon to shape incentives and outcomes beyond its borders.

Historical examples include British naval and economic hegemony in the 19th century and the U.S.-led order after World War II. In contemporary debates, some scholars expect shifts toward multipolarity or counter-hegemonic coalitions, which can erode or reform existing orders. Critics warn that hegemony may generate resentment, encourage dependency, or provoke instability if supported by coercion or unsustainable policies.