havaintoharhaa

Havaintoharha, known in English as observational bias or observational error, refers to a systematic distortion in the measurement or interpretation of data that arises from the observation process itself. It is distinct from random error, which fluctuates unpredictably. Havaintoharha occurs when the method of observation, the observer, or the observed phenomenon influences the outcome in a predictable way.

This type of bias can manifest in various fields, including science, medicine, and social research. For example, in a medical study, if patients know they are receiving a new treatment, their subjective reporting of symptoms might be influenced by their expectations, leading to a positive bias. Similarly, in observational astronomy, certain atmospheric conditions might make specific types of celestial objects appear brighter or more numerous than they actually are.

Factors contributing to havaintoharha can include the observer's preconceptions, the limitations of measuring instruments, the reactivity of the observed subjects (i.e., changing their behavior because they are being watched), and the selective nature of what is observed and recorded. Careful study design, blinding participants and observers when possible, and using objective measurement tools are common strategies to mitigate havaintoharha. Recognizing and accounting for potential observational biases is crucial for drawing accurate conclusions from data.