halogeniidid

Halogeniidid are a broad class of chemical compounds that contain a halogen atom (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine) in combination with another element. The term covers inorganic halides such as metal halides and hydrogen halides, interhalogen compounds, as well as organic halides in which a halogen is covalently bonded to carbon (haloalkanes and aryl halides).

Inorganic halides include metal halides, such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2), which are salts formed from halide ions and metal cations. Hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF), are molecular compounds that form acidic solutions when dissolved in water. Interhalogen compounds, like chlorine monochloride (ClF) or bromine iodine (BrI), are species composed of two different halogens and often show heightened reactivity.

Organic halides (organohalogens) consist of halogen atoms bonded to carbon. They are divided into alkyl halides (R-X) and aryl halides (Ar-X), where X is F, Cl, Br, or I. They are produced by halogenation of hydrocarbons, substitution reactions, or specialized reagents and have wide applications in synthesis, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and materials science.

Properties and applications: halogenides exhibit diverse physical properties and reactivities. Halide ions are common leaving groups in nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. In industry, halides are used as etchants, catalysts, precursors for organometallic compounds, and building blocks for polymers and dyes. Environmental and health considerations are important, as some halogen-containing compounds are toxic or persistent pollutants, and certain hydrogen halides are corrosive or corrosively reactive.