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Otitis media, commonly known as a middle ear infection, is an inflammation or infection of the middle ear, the air-filled space behind the eardrum that contains the tiny vibrating bones of the ear. It is a very common condition, particularly in children.

The most frequent cause of otitis media is a bacterial or viral infection, often following a cold or upper respiratory infection. When the Eustachian tube, which connects the middle ear to the back of the throat, becomes blocked due to swelling from the infection, fluid can accumulate in the middle ear. This fluid provides a breeding ground for bacteria or viruses, leading to infection and inflammation.

Symptoms of otitis media can vary but often include ear pain, a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear, and temporary hearing loss. In children, other signs might be irritability, difficulty sleeping, fever, and tugging at the ear. Sometimes, the eardrum may rupture, leading to a discharge of fluid from the ear.

Diagnosis is typically made by a healthcare professional through a physical examination of the ear using an otoscope. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the infection. For viral infections, supportive care like pain relievers and watchful waiting may be recommended. Bacterial infections may require antibiotics. In some recurrent cases, insertion of ear tubes might be considered to help drain fluid and prevent future infections.