hýdrólýsa

Hýdrólýsa is a chemical process where water is used to break down a compound. The name itself comes from the Greek words "hydro," meaning water, and "lysis," meaning to break apart. In a hýdrólýsa reaction, a water molecule (H₂O) is split into a hydrogen ion (H⁺) and a hydroxide ion (OH⁻). These ions then react with the compound being broken down, often by attaching to different parts of its structure and causing it to separate into two or more new substances.

This process is fundamental in many biological and chemical systems. For example, in digestion, hýdrólýsa is used to break down complex molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller units that can be absorbed by the body. Enzymes often act as catalysts, speeding up these hýdrólýsa reactions. In industrial chemistry, hýdrólýsa is employed in the production of various chemicals, such as alcohols from esters or soaps from fats. The specific products of a hýdrólýsa reaction depend on the nature of the original compound. It is a reversible reaction, with the reverse process being called condensation, where water is removed to form a larger molecule.