gramnegatívnym

Gramnegatívnym is a Slovak term referring to Gram-negative bacteria. This classification is based on the Gram staining technique, a differential staining method used to identify bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall with a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.

During the Gram staining procedure, Gram-negative bacteria are decolorized by alcohol or acetone and appear pink or red under a microscope because they do not retain the crystal violet stain. This is in contrast to Gram-positive bacteria, which have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and retain the crystal violet stain, appearing purple.

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is a significant feature, providing a barrier against certain antibiotics and contributing to their pathogenicity. Lipopolysaccharides, also known as endotoxins, are a major component of this outer membrane and can trigger strong immune responses in host organisms, leading to symptoms such as fever and inflammation.

Examples of Gram-negative bacteria include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, and Neisseria. These bacteria are found in various environments, including soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals and humans. Some are commensal organisms, while others are significant pathogens responsible for a wide range of infections, from urinary tract infections to pneumonia and sepsis. The unique cell wall structure of Gram-negative bacteria also influences their susceptibility to antibiotics, often requiring different treatment strategies compared to Gram-positive infections.