glaciology

Glaciology is the scientific study of glaciers, ice sheets, and other frozen environments. It investigates how ice forms and deforms under pressure, flows under its own weight, and interacts with climate, bedrock, and meltwater. Glaciology covers the behavior of ice masses including alpine glaciers, ice caps, and the large continental ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland, as well as snow and periglacial processes.

Key topics include mass balance (the gain and loss of ice), terminus dynamics and calving, flow laws for ice (notably Glen's law), basal sliding, and subglacial hydrology. Researchers study how accumulation from snowfall, compaction into firn, melting, sublimation, and calving determine glacier change. Paleoglaciology reconstructs past ice sheets from moraines, ice cores, and glacial deposits to inform climate history.

Methods combine field observations, remote sensing, and numerical modeling. In the field, measurements of surface velocity, thickness, temperature, and mass balance are collected with stakes, boreholes, radars, and ice cores. Remote sensing uses satellites and aerial lidar, radar interferometry (InSAR), and gravimetry to monitor changes over time. Models simulate ice flow, climate-ice interactions, and sea-level contributions.

Glaciology informs understanding of climate change, sea-level rise, freshwater resources, and landscape evolution. It is inherently interdisciplinary, linking geology, hydrology, meteorology, and oceanography to describe how the cryosphere responds to and records environmental change.