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Genome editing refers to a group of technologies that allow scientists to change an organism's DNA. These technologies enable the addition, removal, or alteration of DNA at specific locations in the genome. The most well-known and widely used genome editing system is CRISPR-Cas9, which is derived from a natural defense mechanism found in bacteria. Other genome editing technologies include ZFNs (zinc-finger nucleases) and TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases).

The process typically involves a nuclease enzyme that cuts the DNA at a targeted site, guided by a molecule that recognizes the specific DNA sequence. Once the DNA is cut, the cell's natural repair mechanisms can be harnessed to introduce changes. Scientists can either disable a gene by allowing the repair to occur imperfectly, or they can insert a new piece of DNA at the cut site.

Genome editing has numerous potential applications in research, medicine, and agriculture. In medicine, it offers the possibility of treating genetic diseases by correcting the underlying mutations. It is also being explored for developing new cancer therapies and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. In agriculture, genome editing can be used to develop crops with improved traits, such as increased yield, enhanced nutritional value, or resistance to pests and diseases. However, ethical considerations and potential off-target effects are important aspects that are continuously being studied and debated within the scientific community and the public.