földtani

Földtani, or geology, is the scientific study of the Earth, including its materials, structure, history, and the processes that shape it. Geologists analyze rocks, minerals, fossils, soils, and fluids to understand how the planet formed, how its interior and surface have evolved, and how present-day landscapes and resources came to be. The discipline combines field observations with laboratory work and theoretical modeling to reconstruct past environments and to anticipate future changes.

The field encompasses many subdisciplines, such as mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, geomorphology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, paleontology, tectonics, hydrogeology, and engineering geology. Together they address the composition of the Earth, the arrangement of rocks in time and space, the movement of tectonic plates, groundwater systems, soil formation, natural hazards, and the history of life.

Methods used in Földtani research include field mapping and sampling, petrographic microscopy, radiometric dating, geochemical analyses, seismic and magnetic surveys, remote sensing, and the use of geographic information systems (GIS). Modern geology also relies on computer modeling to simulate geological processes and to assess risks.

Applications of geology are broad and include exploration for minerals and energy resources, groundwater management, environmental monitoring, land-use planning, and evaluating natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic activity. Education in geology prepares graduates for research, industry, government, and conservation roles, contributing to sustainable use of Earth’s resources and protection of ecosystems.