fázisváltozáshoz

Fázisváltozás, also known as phase transition, refers to the physical process where a substance changes from one state of matter to another. This occurs when a change in temperature or pressure alters the internal energy of the substance, leading to a rearrangement of its molecules. The most common examples are the transitions between solid, liquid, and gas states.

Melting is the transition from solid to liquid, occurring at the melting point. For instance, ice melts into water at 0 degrees Celsius. Boiling is the transition from liquid to gas, taking place at the boiling point. Water boils into steam at 100 degrees Celsius at standard atmospheric pressure. The reverse processes are freezing (liquid to solid) and condensation (gas to liquid).

Other phase transitions exist, such as sublimation, where a solid directly turns into a gas without passing through the liquid phase, like dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) sublimating into gaseous carbon dioxide. Deposition is the reverse of sublimation, where a gas directly becomes a solid, as seen with frost formation.

Phase transitions are associated with the absorption or release of latent heat. For example, melting requires energy input (latent heat of fusion) to break the bonds holding the solid structure together, while freezing releases this energy. Similarly, boiling requires latent heat of vaporization. These transitions are crucial in many natural phenomena and industrial processes.