fundações

Fundações, in the context of civil engineering and architecture, refer to the structural elements that transfer loads from a building or structure to the ground. Their primary purpose is to provide stability and prevent settlement or collapse. The choice of foundation type depends on various factors, including the soil conditions, the weight of the structure, and environmental considerations.

Shallow foundations are typically used when the bearing capacity of the soil is sufficient near the surface. Common types include strip footings, which are continuous concrete strips supporting walls, and pad footings, which are isolated concrete blocks supporting columns. Raft foundations, also considered shallow, are large concrete slabs covering the entire footprint of the building, distributing the load over a wide area.

Deep foundations are employed when the ground surface has poor bearing capacity or when heavy loads need to be transferred to deeper, stronger soil layers or bedrock. Piles are a prominent example, driven or bored into the ground to reach stable strata. Caissons, large watertight structures, are also used for deep foundations, often for bridge piers or offshore structures. The design and installation of foundations are critical for the long-term performance and safety of any construction project.