formsnanoparticles

Formsnanoparticles are nanoscale particles whose shape, size, and surface properties can be tuned during synthesis to achieve specific functions. They cover materials such as metals, oxides, semiconductors, and core–shell or alloy systems, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, with shapes including spheres, rods, plates, prisms, and more complex geometries.

Formation or synthesis methods aim to control morphology. Approaches include wet chemical synthesis with surfactants, seed-mediated growth, templating with mesoporous or solid templates, electrochemical deposition, and greener methods using plant extracts. Parameters such as precursor concentration, reducing agents, surfactants, temperature, pH, and solvent influence morphology and final properties.

Morphology influences properties: optical resonances in plasmonic metals depend on shape; catalytic activity relates to exposed facets; surface area and charge transport affect sensors and energy devices. The shape and exposed facets can determine reaction pathways, stability, and interaction with biological systems.

Applications span biomedicine (bioimaging, targeted drug delivery), diagnostics, catalysis, sensors, and energy applications (photocatalysis, batteries, supercapacitors). For example, gold nanorods are used for photothermal therapy; iron oxide nanoparticles serve as MRI contrast agents; silica-based formsnanoparticles provide stable carriers for drugs or dyes.

Challenges include reproducibility, scalability, stability under physiological conditions, potential toxicity, and environmental impact; regulation and standardization of characterization methods (TEM, SEM, XRD, DLS, BET, zeta potential) are important for consistent performance and safety.