firework

A firework is a nocturnal pyrotechnic device that produces visible effects, sounds, and sometimes local phenomena through controlled combustion. Most fireworks consist of a hollow shell or tube containing a lifting charge that launches the device, a bursting charge that enables the display, and smaller elements called stars or effects that produce colors and shapes as they burn. Fuses provide timing to coordinate ignition.

There are several categories: aerial shells designed for displays in the sky, which break into shells to create patterns; fountains that emit cascading sparks from the ground; roman candles that fire several shots from a tube; cakes, which are assembled clusters of shells; and specialty devices such as wheels and mines.

Fireworks originated in China, where early pyrotechnic powders were used in festivals as early as the 7th century and widely by the Song and Ming dynasties. They spread to the Middle East and Europe through trade and exploration, evolving from simple loud noises to complex color displays. In the modern era, standardized formulations, safety protocols, and professional licensing support large public displays, while consumer-grade products are regulated in many countries.

Safety and regulation are important considerations. Fireworks can cause burns, eye injuries, and hearing damage. They should be handled by trained operators for large displays and obey local laws for consumer devices. Common safety practices include using outdoors on clear sites, keeping water or a fire extinguisher nearby, following the manufacturer’s instructions, and never relighting a dud or aiming at people, vehicles, or structures.