filamento

Filamento is a term used across disciplines to denote a slender, thread-like structure. Derived from the Latin filum, it describes objects that are long and narrow relative to their cross-section and that often function as supports, conduits, or connectors of material, energy, or information.

In biology, filaments are long chains or strands of biological material. Examples include actin filaments (microfilaments) and intermediate filaments that comprise parts of the cytoskeleton, providing shape and mechanical support to cells. Filamentous bacteria and cyanobacteria grow as threadlike chains of cells, while fungal hyphae are visible filamentous structures that enable nutrient uptake and growth.

In manufacturing and everyday use, filament refers to the feedstock or element shaped like a thread. In 3D printing, thermoplastic filaments such as PLA, ABS, and PETG are extruded by a printer to build objects; typical diameters are 1.75 mm or 3.0 mm. In lighting, a filament is the thin wire inside incandescent bulbs that heats up to produce light. In composites and textiles, filaments are continuous fibers used to reinforce materials or to produce filament yarn.

Botanically, a filament is the stalk that supports the anther in a flower’s stamen. In art and industry, filaments include glass or silk filaments used for specialty fibers and optical or reinforcing applications.

In astronomy, filaments are enormous threadlike structures that stretch across tens or hundreds of millions of light-years, forming part of the cosmic web that binds galaxies and galaxy clusters together.