fenol

Phenol, with the chemical formula C6H5OH and commonly called phenol or carbolic acid, is the simplest phenolic compound. It is an aromatic ring bearing a hydroxyl group, which makes it more reactive than benzene in electrophilic substitution and gives it acidic properties. In its pure form at room temperature it appears as colorless to pale crystals that melt just above room temperature.

Phenol is a weak acid (pKa around 10) and forms phenoxide salts with bases. It is miscible with many organic solvents and is moderately soluble in water (approximately 8 g per 100 mL at 25°C). It has a boiling point of about 182°C and a melting point around 41°C. The compound participates in a range of reactions typical for activated arenes, including nitration, sulfonation, halogenation, and alkylation, with directing effects favoring ortho and para substitutions.

Industrially, phenol is produced mainly by the cumene process, in which phenol and acetone are obtained from cumene derived from benzene and propylene. This route is the dominant method for large-scale production. Phenol is a versatile chemical precursor: it is used to manufacture phenol-formaldehyde resins, bisphenol A (a key precursor for polycarbonates and epoxy resins), and various other intermediates for plastics, dyes, and agricultural chemicals.

Safety and handling are important considerations. Phenol is corrosive to skin and mucous membranes and can be toxic if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin. Proper handling, containment, and protective equipment are required to minimize exposure and environmental release. In the environment, phenol can be toxic to aquatic life and should be managed to prevent contamination.