externalismi

Externalism is a philosophical position that holds that the mind is not identical to the brain, and that mental states are not solely determined by the physical states of the brain. Externalists argue that the environment plays a crucial role in shaping mental states. There are several forms of externalism, including:

1. Semantic Externalism: This view holds that the meaning of a mental state is not solely determined by the physical states of the brain. For example, the meaning of the word "bachelor" is not determined by the physical states of the brain of a speaker, but also by the social and cultural context in which the word is used.

2. Epistemic Externalism: This view holds that the content of a mental state is not solely determined by the physical states of the brain. For example, the content of a belief is not determined by the physical states of the brain of a believer, but also by the evidence that the believer has.

3. Metaphysical Externalism: This view holds that the identity of a mental state is not solely determined by the physical states of the brain. For example, the identity of a belief is not determined by the physical states of the brain of a believer, but also by the object that the belief is about.

Externalists argue that their position is supported by the fact that mental states can be caused by physical states that are not in the brain, such as the environment. For example, a person's belief that it is raining can be caused by the physical state of the environment, such as the presence of rain.

However, externalists face criticism from internalists, who argue that the mind is identical to the brain, and that mental states are solely determined by the physical states of the brain. Internalists argue that externalism leads to counterintuitive and implausible conclusions, such as the idea that a person's belief that it is raining can be caused by the physical state of the environment, even if the person is not aware of the rain.