eumelanine

Eumelanin is a pigment produced by melanocytes in the skin, hair, and eyes of vertebrates, primarily responsible for the brown and black colors in these structures. It is one of two main types of melanin, alongside pheomelanin, which contributes to red and yellow hues. Eumelanin is synthesized through the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase, which converts the amino acid tyrosine into 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, a precursor in the melanin biosynthesis pathway.

The presence of eumelanin is associated with higher levels of melanin in the skin, leading to darker pigmentation. This pigment plays a protective role against ultraviolet (UV) radiation by absorbing and scattering UV photons, thereby reducing the risk of DNA damage and skin cancer. Individuals with higher eumelanin content often exhibit darker skin tones, darker hair, and deeper eye colors, such as brown or black.

Genetic variations influence the production and distribution of eumelanin. For example, mutations in genes like MC1R (melanocortin 1 receptor) can alter pigmentation patterns, sometimes resulting in lighter hair and skin. Additionally, eumelanin distribution varies among different populations, contributing to the diversity of human skin tones and hair colors worldwide.

While eumelanin is primarily beneficial for UV protection, excessive exposure to sunlight without adequate skin care can still lead to sunburn and long-term damage, regardless of pigmentation. Understanding the role of eumelanin helps in appreciating its importance in both natural beauty and skin health.