etylenoxid

Etylenoxid, also known as ethylene oxide or oxirane, is a simple, highly reactive epoxide with the chemical formula C2H4O. It is a colorless gas at room temperature and pressure and is a versatile industrial chemical used primarily as a precursor to a wide range of products.

Structure and properties

Ethylene oxide consists of a three-membered ring that includes an oxygen atom. The ring strain makes the molecule highly reactive, enabling it to open readily in chemical reactions. It is miscible with water and many organic solvents, and it is flammable. Its small size and reactivity require careful handling and strict controls in production and use.

Production and applications

Industrially, ethylene oxide is produced by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene with oxygen, typically over a silver catalyst. The gas is then purified and distributed for use as a chemical intermediate. Major applications include the production of ethylene glycols (such as ethylene glycol), polyols for polyurethanes, and various solvents and detergents. It is also employed as a sterilant for heat‑sensitive medical devices and, to a lesser extent, for fumigation in certain packaging and spice applications due to its broad antimicrobial activity.

Safety and regulation

Ethylene oxide is a highly reactive and flammable substance and is classified as a human carcinogen by IARC. Occupational exposure is tightly regulated in many countries due to acute and long‑term health risks, including respiratory and neurological effects and cancer risk. Handling requires proper engineering controls, monitoring, and personal protective equipment. Environmental releases are regulated, and products derived from ethylene oxide undergo further processing before use.