esplenomegália

Esplenomegàlia refers to an enlarged spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, below the rib cage. It plays a role in the immune system and filters blood. Splenomegaly is not a disease itself but rather a sign of an underlying condition.

The causes of splenomegaly are varied and can include infections such as mononucleosis, malaria, and certain bacterial infections. It can also be a symptom of liver diseases like cirrhosis, where increased pressure in the portal vein can cause blood to back up in the spleen. Hematological disorders, including leukemias, lymphomas, and hemolytic anemias, are also common culprits. Metabolic disorders like Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease can lead to spleen enlargement. Less commonly, tumors or cysts within the spleen can cause it to grow.

Symptoms associated with splenomegaly can include a feeling of fullness in the upper left abdomen, pain in that area that may radiate to the left shoulder, and sometimes fatigue or anemia. In some cases, an enlarged spleen might not cause any noticeable symptoms and is discovered incidentally during a medical examination.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination to feel the spleen's size and consistency. Blood tests are usually performed to investigate potential underlying causes, such as infections or blood disorders. Imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans can confirm the enlargement and help assess its extent and characteristics. Treatment for splenomegaly focuses on addressing the underlying cause. If the spleen is significantly enlarged and causing severe symptoms, surgical removal (splenectomy) might be considered, although this can increase susceptibility to certain infections.