erakonnad

Erakonnad is the Estonian term for political parties. They are organized groups that compete in elections, articulate policy programs, and nominate candidates for public office. In Estonia, as in many democracies, parties seek to represent different ideas and to mobilize citizens around shared goals.

Typical activities include developing a platform, coordinating campaign activities, selecting leadership, and forming or joining governing coalitions when they win seats in parliament or local councils. They also serve as a link between citizens and government, participate in public debate, and monitor government policy.

Regulation and funding: In Estonia, political parties are registered under national law and must comply with rules on transparency, internal democracy, and finances. Public subsidies are allocated to parties based on election results, and private donations are regulated and disclosed.

Elections and role: Estonia uses proportional representation with an electoral threshold to allocate seats in the Riigikogu, the national parliament. Parties present lists of candidates, and seats are distributed using a party-list system with the D'Hondt method. Because multiple parties typically win seats, governments are usually formed as coalitions.

History and examples: Since regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has developed a vibrant, multi-party system. Major parties have included the Reform Party (Reformierakond), the Centre Party (Keskerakond), Isamaa, and the Social Democratic Party, along with newer entrants such as Eesti 200. The party landscape continues to evolve as voters and issues change.