enzymatické

Enzymatické (enzymatic) describes anything related to enzymes or to enzyme-catalyzed processes. Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions in living organisms, usually proteins, though some RNA molecules also have catalytic activity (ribozymes). The term is used in biology, biochemistry, medicine, and biotechnology to distinguish enzymatic from non-enzymatic processes.

Enzymatic reactions are characterized by substrate specificity and regulated activity. An enzyme binds a substrate at its active site to form an enzyme–substrate complex, lowering the activation energy. Reactions often follow Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with parameters such as Km and Vmax describing affinity and capacity. Temperature, pH, and cofactors influence catalytic efficiency.

Structure-wise, most enzymes are proteins, though ribozymes are RNA catalysts. Enzymes may require cofactors (inorganic ions) or coenzymes (organic molecules). Some exist as holoenzymes (active) when the cofactor is bound, and as apoenzymes (inactive) without it. Regulation occurs through allosteric sites, covalent modification, and cellular compartmentalization.

Enzymatic processes drive digestion (e.g., amylase, proteases, lipases), metabolism, and DNA replication (DNA polymerase). In industry, enzymes enable biocatalysis for food, detergents, and pharmaceutical synthesis. Enzymatic assays diagnose disease or monitor production. In Czech, the adjective enzymatický is used similarly to describe properties, reactions, or therapies founded on enzymatic activity.