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Encryption is a process that transforms readable data, known as plaintext, into an unreadable format called ciphertext. This transformation is achieved using an algorithm and a key, which is a secret value known only to the sender and intended recipient. The primary purpose of encryption is to ensure confidentiality, meaning that only those with the correct key can understand the encrypted data.

Encryption can be broadly categorized into two types: symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric encryption uses the same key for both encryption and decryption. Examples include the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Data Encryption Standard (DES). Asymmetric encryption, on the other hand, uses a pair of keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. This method is often used in secure communications and digital signatures. Examples include the RSA algorithm and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC).

Encryption is widely used in various applications, including secure communications, data storage, and digital signatures. It plays a crucial role in protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access and ensuring the integrity and authenticity of data. However, encryption alone does not guarantee security; it must be implemented correctly and used in conjunction with other security measures.