enema

An enema is a procedure in which liquid is introduced into the rectum and lower colon through the anus. The aim is to soften stool, stimulate bowel movement, or prepare the bowel for medical examination or treatment. Enemas can also deliver medications locally to the colon or relieve constipation or fecal impaction.

Enemas are commonly categorized as cleansing (evacuation) or retention. Cleansing enemas use solutions such as isotonic saline, tap water, or hyperosmolar preparations to promote stool evacuation. Retention enemas involve a solution that the patient retains for a period to exert a local effect, such as mineral oil to soften stool or medicated suspensions. Soapsuds enemas and certain phosphate preparations have been used in the past but are less favored today due to irritation or electrolyte disturbances. Dosing and choice of solution depend on age, medical condition, and the purpose of use.

Administration is typically performed with a lubricated, flexible nozzle or small tubing attached to a bottle or bag containing the solution. The patient may lie on the left side to aid flow and drainage. Typical volumes range from small amounts for infants to several hundred milliliters for adults, with larger volumes used for cleansing. Enemas are usually administered in clinical settings or at home using commercially prepared kits under appropriate guidance.

Risks include dehydration or electrolyte imbalance, bowel perforation, rectal mucosal irritation, or infection. They are not suitable for everyone, particularly in the presence of suspected bowel obstruction, GI bleeding, or significant rectal disease. If severe pain, vomiting, fainting, or bleeding occurs, medical care should be sought.