endometriumile

The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus. It is a mucous membrane that is rich in blood vessels and glands. The endometrium undergoes cyclical changes throughout the menstrual cycle in response to hormonal fluctuations, primarily estrogen and progesterone.

During the follicular phase, under the influence of estrogen, the endometrium proliferates, meaning its thickness increases and its glands lengthen. This phase is characterized by cell division and growth. Following ovulation, during the luteal phase, progesterone becomes the dominant hormone. Progesterone further prepares the endometrium for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. The glands become more tortuous and secrete nutrients, and the blood supply increases.

If fertilization and implantation do not occur, the levels of estrogen and progesterone drop significantly. This hormonal withdrawal leads to the breakdown and shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium. This shedding process is known as menstruation, which results in bleeding from the uterus. The basal layer of the endometrium, located beneath the functional layer, remains intact and regenerates the functional layer in the next menstrual cycle. The health and appropriate functioning of the endometrium are crucial for successful pregnancy. Conditions affecting the endometrium, such as endometriosis or endometrial polyps, can impact fertility and menstrual health.