endokannabinoidi

Endocannabinoids are a class of lipid-based neurotransmitters that are synthesized "on-demand" within the central and peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates. These molecules are endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors, primarily CB1 and CB2. The term "endocannabinoid" is derived from "endogenous cannabinoid," reflecting their natural production within the body and their structural and functional similarity to phytocannabinoids found in the cannabis plant.

The two best-characterized endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Anandamide, whose name is derived from the Sanskrit word "ananda" meaning "bliss," plays a role in mood regulation, pain perception, and appetite. 2-arachidonoylglycerol is more abundant in the brain and is involved in a wider range of physiological processes, including immune responses and neuroprotection.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex signaling network that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. It influences a variety of functions, including appetite, sleep, pain sensation, memory, and immune function. When the body deviates from its optimal state, endocannabinoids are synthesized and released to help restore balance. They act retrogradely, meaning they are released from postsynaptic neurons and bind to cannabinoid receptors on presynaptic neurons, modulating the release of other neurotransmitters. This retrograde signaling allows for fine-tuning of neuronal communication.

Research into the endocannabinoid system has revealed its involvement in numerous physiological and pathological conditions, leading to interest in developing therapeutic strategies that target this system for conditions such as chronic pain, anxiety, and neurological disorders.