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Encryption is the process of converting information or data into a code to prevent unauthorized access. It is a fundamental technique used to protect sensitive data during transmission and storage. Encryption works by using an algorithm, which is a set of mathematical rules, to transform plaintext (readable data) into ciphertext (encoded data). The algorithm requires a key, which is a piece of information used to both encrypt and decrypt the data. Without the correct key, the encrypted data is virtually impossible to decipher.

There are two main types of encryption: symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric encryption uses the same key for both encryption and decryption. It is generally faster and more efficient for encrypting large amounts of data. Examples of symmetric encryption algorithms include Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Data Encryption Standard (DES). Asymmetric encryption, on the other hand, uses a pair of keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. This method is often used for secure communication and digital signatures. Examples of asymmetric encryption algorithms include RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC).

Encryption is widely used in various applications, including secure communication, data storage, and digital signatures. It plays a crucial role in protecting sensitive information, such as personal data, financial transactions, and intellectual property. Encryption standards and protocols are continuously evolving to address new security challenges and improve the overall security of digital systems.