elektromagnetizmin

Electromagnetism is a fundamental interaction describing how electric charges and currents produce electric and magnetic fields and how these fields interact with matter. It underpins a wide range of phenomena from static forces between charges to the propagation of light through space. In Albanian, the term for electromagnetism is elektromagnetizmi.

Classically, electromagnetism is expressed by Maxwell's equations, a set of four equations that relate electric fields, magnetic fields, charges, and currents. They describe Gauss's law for electricity, Gauss's law for magnetism, Faraday's law of induction, and the Ampère–Maxwell law. Together, these equations explain how changing fields propagate as electromagnetic waves at the speed of light and how electricity and magnetism are unified in a single framework.

Historically, observations by scientists such as Ørsted, Faraday, and Maxwell led to the unification of electricity, magnetism, and optics in the 19th century. Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic waves, and Albert Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect established light as a quantum phenomenon.

In the quantum domain, electromagnetism is described by quantum electrodynamics (QED). The interactions are mediated by photons, the gauge bosons of the U(1) symmetry. QED provides extremely precise predictions for processes involving charged particles and the electromagnetic force and remains a cornerstone of the Standard Model of particle physics.

Electromagnetism has wide practical applications, including electric power generation and transmission, motors and transformers, radio and communications, and medical imaging techniques such as MRI. It also plays a central role in modern physics, shaping theories that describe the interaction of light with matter.