dosageform

A dosage form is the physical form in which a drug product is prepared for administration to patients. It combines an active pharmaceutical ingredient with excipients to create a tangible unit that ensures accurate dosing, stability, patient acceptability, and, when appropriate, a specific release profile.

Dosage forms are broadly classified by route of administration and physical state. Solid oral forms include tablets and capsules, while liquids such as solutions, suspensions, and emulsions serve oral or other routes. Semi-solid forms like creams, ointments, and gels are used topically. Parenteral forms consist of sterile solutions or suspensions for injection. Inhalation products deliver drugs as aerosols or dry powders; there are also ocular, nasal, rectal, vaginal, and transdermal forms for various indications.

Each dosage form contains an active ingredient and a set of excipients, including binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, solvents, stabilizers, and preservatives. The formulation determines release characteristics, bioavailability, and stability. Some dosage forms provide immediate release, while others are designed for sustained, delayed, or targeted release to achieve therapeutic goals or improve adherence.

Manufacture and regulation of dosage forms follow strict quality standards to ensure safety and efficacy. Products are evaluated for identity, potency, purity, physical attributes, dissolution or disintegration, and stability under proposed storage conditions. Packaging and labeling provide dosing instructions, storage requirements, routes of administration, and safety information.

The choice of dosage form depends on the medical indication, patient factors (age, ability to swallow, and preference), disease state, and practical considerations such as cost and manufacturing feasibility.