diszztillációval

Distillation is a process used to separate components of a liquid mixture by selective boiling and condensation. The fundamental principle relies on the fact that different substances have different boiling points. When a mixture is heated, the component with the lower boiling point will vaporize first. This vapor can then be cooled and condensed back into a liquid, thereby separating it from the components with higher boiling points.

The basic equipment for distillation typically includes a heat source, a distillation flask or pot to hold the liquid, a condenser to cool the vapor, and a receiving vessel to collect the purified liquid, known as the distillate. Various types of distillation exist, each suited for specific applications. Simple distillation is used for separating liquids with significantly different boiling points or for separating a volatile liquid from a non-volatile solute. Fractional distillation, employing a fractionating column, is more effective for separating liquids with closer boiling points. Steam distillation is used for temperature-sensitive compounds that decompose at their boiling point, utilizing steam to lower the boiling temperature. Vacuum distillation allows substances to be distilled at lower temperatures by reducing the ambient pressure. Distillation is widely employed in various industries, including chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining, and the production of alcoholic beverages and essential oils. It is a crucial technique for purification and separation.