demineralize

Demineralize is a verb meaning to remove minerals from a substance or to cause a loss of mineral content. The term is used in several fields to describe processes that reduce the mineral content of liquids or solids.

In water treatment, demineralization removes dissolved mineral ions such as calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, and silica. Methods include ion exchange (cation and anion resins), reverse osmosis, distillation, and electrodialysis. The product is demineralized or deionized water, characterized by very low electrical conductivity and reduced buffering capacity. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing, electronics fabrication, laboratory work, and boiler feedwater, among others. Because of low mineral content, demineralized water can be more corrosive to metals and scaling-prone equipment unless treated or conditioned.

In dentistry, demineralization refers to the loss of mineral content from tooth enamel or dentin, typically due to acids produced by bacterial metabolism after carbohydrate intake. This demineralization reduces hydroxyapatite minerals (calcium and phosphate) and can appear as white spot lesions that may progress to decay if not remineralized. Remineralization is promoted by fluoride, calcium and phosphate availability, and adequate saliva flow.

In other contexts, demineralization can describe the removal of minerals during sample preparation, bone remodeling, or food processing, including processes that isolate mineral-free fractions or extract organic components.

See also: remineralization, deionization, desalination, water purification.