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Delirium is a serious, sudden change in a person's mental state. It is characterized by confused thinking and a decreased awareness of one's surroundings. This state can develop over hours or a few days. The person experiencing delirium may have trouble paying attention, remembering things, or thinking clearly. They might also become agitated, have hallucinations, or believe things that are not true.

Delirium is not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying problem. Common causes include infections, such as urinary tract infections or pneumonia, especially in older adults. Other triggers can be dehydration, certain medications, substance withdrawal, surgery, or severe illness. The symptoms of delirium can fluctuate, meaning they can be worse at certain times of the day or night, and may improve and then worsen again.

Diagnosing delirium typically involves a medical evaluation, including a review of the patient's medical history, a physical examination, and cognitive tests. It is crucial to identify and treat the underlying cause promptly, as delirium can be a sign of a serious condition and can lead to adverse outcomes if left unaddressed. Treatment focuses on managing the cause, providing supportive care, and ensuring the patient's safety. While some individuals may recover fully, others may experience lingering cognitive issues or have an increased risk of future delirium.