deflections

Deflection refers to the deviation of a moving object, ray, or structure from its original path or position. It is usually described as a change in direction (an angle) or as a lateral displacement at a given point.

In physics, deflection occurs when forces or fields alter a trajectory. For charged particles, electric and magnetic fields produce deflection proportional to the charge, field strength, and inverse velocity. Gravitational fields bend the path of matter, and general relativity predicts a measurable deflection of light near massive bodies.

In optics, deflection describes the bending of light rays by refraction, diffraction, or reflection. Prisms and lenses cause angular deviation of beams relative to their incident direction.

In engineering, deflection is the displacement of a structural element under load. Designers specify allowable deflection to ensure serviceability, using analytical methods such as beam theory or numerical analysis like finite element methods.

In measurement and instrumentation, deflection describes the movement of a pointer or beam in devices such as galvanometers and cathode-ray displays, where a deflection angle corresponds to the measured quantity.

In ballistics and navigation, deflection describes deviations caused by wind, spin, drag, or atmospheric effects, leading to a path that differs from the intended trajectory.