deficienser

Deficienser, in medical usage, refer to states in which the body's supply or function of an essential substance or process is reduced below the level needed for normal health. They can involve nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, enzymes or cofactors, hormones, or broader physiological functions. Deficiencies may be mild or severe, short-term or chronic, and may affect one organ system or multiple systems.

Causes include inadequate intake, poor absorption, increased requirements, impaired utilization, or loss of the substance. Nutritional deficiencies can arise from poor diet, malabsorption syndromes, chronic diseases, medications, pregnancy, or aging. Genetic or congenital deficiencies involve missing or deficient enzymes or transport mechanisms, leading to metabolic problems from birth.

Common nutritional deficiencies include iron deficiency causing anemia; vitamin D deficiency affecting bone health; iodine deficiency linked to thyroid problems; vitamin A deficiency compromising vision; vitamin B12 deficiency leading to nerve damage; calcium deficiency affecting bone density. Other examples include zinc, folate, and essential fatty acid deficiencies.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and laboratory testing to measure levels or functional markers, along with history of intake and symptoms. Long-standing deficiencies can cause growth retardation, cognitive impairment, immune dysfunction, organ damage, or developmental problems if occurring during pregnancy or early life.

Treatment focuses on correcting the deficiency through diet, supplements, or medication, and addressing underlying causes such as malabsorption or disease. Public health measures such as fortification and dietary guidelines aim to prevent deficiencies at population level. Early detection improves outcomes.