dNTP

dNTP stands for deoxynucleotide triphosphate, the four DNA building blocks used in replication and repair. The four dNTPs are dATP, dTTP, dCTP, and dGTP. Each consists of a deoxyribose sugar linked to one of the four nucleobases and a triphosphate group. The chemical energy required for polymerization comes from the hydrolysis of the high-energy phosphate bonds, releasing pyrophosphate as a byproduct.

In cells, dNTPs are maintained in balanced pools by nucleotide metabolism. They are generated from deoxynucleoside triphosphates through kinases and salvage pathways, and ribonucleotide reductase converts ribonucleotides to their deoxy forms. Proper dNTP balance is critical for high-fidelity DNA synthesis; imbalances can increase mutation rates and disrupt replication or cell cycle progression. Concentrations of dNTPs are routinely measured in biochemical studies to understand replication dynamics and mutational risk.

In the laboratory, dNTPs are standard components of DNA synthesis reactions. They serve as substrates for DNA polymerases inPCR, sequencing, and various cloning workflows. Purified dNTP mixtures are available in defined concentrations, and researchers may adjust pools to study kinetics, fidelity, or mutagenesis. Storage and handling require protection from degradation gradients and metal ion contamination, with typical storage conditions refrigerated or frozen to preserve stability.

Overall, dNTPs are essential, highly conserved substrates that enable accurate DNA synthesis in both biological and experimental contexts.