cytoplazmával

Cytoplazma is the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. It comprises cytosol, an aqueous solution that fills the cell, and the organelles suspended within it. In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is a distinct organelle, making the distinction between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm clear. However, in prokaryotic cells, which lack a true nucleus, the term cytoplasm encompasses everything within the cell membrane.

The cytosol itself is a gel-like substance primarily composed of water, salts, and organic molecules. It serves as the medium for many metabolic reactions, including glycolysis. Suspended within the cytosol are various organelles, each with specific functions. These include mitochondria, responsible for cellular respiration; ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis; the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which play roles in protein modification and transport; lysosomes, containing digestive enzymes; and in plant cells, chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a large central vacuole for maintaining turgor pressure and storing substances.

Cytoplasm is enclosed by the cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, which regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell. The dynamic nature of the cytoplasm allows for the movement of organelles and molecules, essential for cellular processes and communication. The composition and organization of the cytoplasm can vary significantly between different cell types and organisms, reflecting their specialized functions.