cytokiine

Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins important in cell signaling. They are released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells. Cytokines are critical components of the immune system and are involved in regulating inflammation, immunity, and cell growth and differentiation. They can be broadly classified into pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and chemoattractant cytokines, each playing distinct roles in physiological and pathological processes.

The primary producers of cytokines are immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes. However, many other cell types can also produce cytokines, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and even some tumor cells. Cytokines exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on target cells, triggering intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in gene expression and cellular function.

The balance of cytokine production and signaling is crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Dysregulation of cytokine networks is implicated in a wide range of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. Therapeutic strategies targeting specific cytokines or their receptors are an active area of research and clinical application, aiming to modulate immune responses and treat various diseases.