cuneiformes

Cuneiformes refers to the three wedge-shaped tarsal bones of the midfoot, collectively known in English as the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms. They form part of the transverse arch of the foot and contribute to the stability and flexibility required for upright bipedal locomotion. The term derives from their wedge-like shape (Latin cuneus, wedge).

Anatomy and articulations: Each cuneiform bone articulates with the navicular bone proximally. Distally, they form part of the bases of the first three metatarsals: the medial cuneiform with the base of the first metatarsal, the intermediate with the base of the second metatarsal, and the lateral with the base of the third metatarsal. The medial cuneiform articulates laterally with the intermediate cuneiform; the intermediate cuneiform articulates medially with the medial cuneiform and laterally with the lateral cuneiform; the lateral cuneiform articulates medially with the intermediate cuneiform and laterally with the cuboid.

Function: The cuneiform bones help transmit loads across the foot and stabilize the transverse arch. They serve as articulation points for multiple joints and provide attachment sites for ligaments and tendons that aid in foot mechanics during standing, walking, and running.

Clinical notes: Fractures of the cuneiform bones are relatively uncommon but can occur after crush injuries or high-energy trauma. They may be involved in midfoot injuries such as Lisfranc injuries and are diagnosed with radiography or computed tomography.

Evolution and variation: The cuneiforms are conserved elements of the human foot, though minor anatomic variants can occur between individuals.