costimulatorSignale

CostimulatorSignale are a class of secondary cues that accompany antigen receptor signaling to fully activate lymphocytes, particularly T cells. They complement the primary signal provided by T cell receptor recognition of peptide-MHC complexes and are essential for robust clonal expansion, differentiation, and survival. By engaging specific receptors on T cells, costimulatorSignale help determine whether a naive T cell becomes activated, anergic, or exhausted, thereby shaping the outcome of immune responses.

Mechanistically, costimulatorSignale are delivered mainly by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Key interactions include CD28 with B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86), ICOS with ICOSL, and members of the TNFR superfamily such as 4-1BB (CD137), OX40 (CD134), and CD40-CD40L. Activation of these pathways triggers intracellular signaling cascades involving PI3K-AKT, NF-κB, and MAPK, promoting cytokine production, cell proliferation, and metabolic reprogramming. CostimulatorSignale function in a two-signal framework that distinguishes productive activation from anergy or tolerance, and their balance with co-inhibitory signals like CTLA-4 and PD-1 influences the strength and quality of the immune response.

Clinical relevance is substantial. Therapeutic strategies target costimulatorSignale to boost immune responses against infections and cancer or to dampen them in autoimmunity and transplantation. Approaches include agonists that stimulate costimulatory pathways and inhibitors of inhibitory checkpoints, as well as vaccines designed to enhance costimulation.

See also: costimulatory molecules, T cell activation, immune checkpoints, antigen presentation.