cosmologyrelated

Cosmology-related describes phenomena, theories, and methods connected to cosmology, the study of the origin, structure, evolution, and fate of the universe. It covers both theoretical frameworks and observational data that help explain the large-scale properties of the cosmos.

Branches include observational cosmology, which uses measurements of the cosmic microwave background, galaxy surveys, supernovae, and gravitational lensing; theoretical cosmology, which develops models of spacetime, matter content, and cosmic evolution; and computational cosmology, which runs simulations of structure formation and galaxy evolution.

Key concepts include the cosmological principle (uniformity on large scales), general relativity as the framework for cosmic dynamics, the expanding universe, the Big Bang, inflation, dark matter and dark energy, nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background, and the large-scale structure of galaxies. The standard model in this field is Lambda-CDM, featuring cold dark matter and a cosmological constant.

Data sources include satellites and ground-based facilities such as Planck, WMAP, Hubble Space Telescope, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, DES, Euclid, and JWST. Tools include redshift surveys, standard candles and rulers, acoustic oscillations, and gravitational lensing.

Current challenges range from the Hubble tension—the discrepancy between local and early-Universe expansion rates—to understanding the nature of dark energy and dark matter. Cosmology-related research continues to refine measurements, test fundamental physics, and explore the implications for the origin and fate of the universe.