coracoide

Coracoide, better known in anatomy as the coracoid process, is a small, hook-shaped projection on the scapula (shoulder blade). It arises from the superior border near the glenoid cavity and points anteriorly and laterally. The term coracoid comes from Greek, meaning raven, a reference to its shape.

Anatomical relationships and attachments

The coracoid serves as an attachment site for several muscles and ligaments. Muscular attachments include the short head of the biceps brachii, the coracobrachialis, and the origin of the pectoralis minor, which inserts on the coracoid. Ligamentous attachments include the coracoclavicular ligaments (conoid and trapezoid), which connect the coracoid to the clavicle; the coracoacromial ligament, which spans to the acromion; and the coracohumeral ligament, which extends from the coracoid to the humerus.

Clinical relevance

Fractures of the coracoid process are uncommon but can occur, often in association with shoulder or acromioclavicular injuries. Imaging modalities such as X-ray, CT, or MRI aid in diagnosis and assessment of associated injuries. The coracoid’s intact integrity is important for the stability of the superior shoulder complex due to its ligamentous and muscular attachments.

Variations and development

The coracoid varies in size and shape among individuals. It ossifies from a separate ossification center that typically fuses with the scapula during adolescence. Knowledge of its anatomy is essential in surgical approaches to the shoulder and in the interpretation of shoulder injuries.